Comportamentos de risco a saúde em adolescentes residentes em município de pequeno porte / Comportamientos de riesgo en adolescente residente de salud en pequeña ciudad porte / Health risk behaviors of adolescents living in a small municipality

Objetivo: Esse estudo tem o objetivo de identificar a prevalência de comportamentos de risco à saúde em adolescentes escolares residentes em município de pequeno porte populacional do estado da Bahia no ano de 2012. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico transversal, censitário, de base escolar, amostra constituída por 96 adolescentes escolares matriculados no ensino médio. Resultados: No ensino médio estavam matriculados 134 adolescentes com idade entre 12 e 19 anos, 72,4% participaram do estudo, verificou-se que entre os adolescentes a média da idade foi de 16,63 anos (DP±1,63), 57,5% do sexo feminino, 78,5% não exerciam atividade remunerada, 71,1% apresentavam idade de 15 a 18 anos, 58,2% se auto-declararam de cor Parda e 49,5% reside com os pais, 60,8% não experimentaram tabaco, 90,4% consumiram algum tipo de bebida alcoólica e 77,7% foram classificados como ativos fisicamente. Conclusão: Os resultados trazem a necessidade de novas pesquisas referentes aos comportamentos de risco em adolescentes escolares

Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar la prevalencia de conductas de riesgo para la salud de los adolescentes en el municipio de pequeño tamaño de la población del estado de Bahía, en 2012. Métodos: estudio transversal, censo, muestra que consta en la escuela por 96 estudiantes adolescentes inscritas en la escuela secundaria. Resultados: En la escuela secundaria se matricularon 134 adolescentes de edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 19 años, el 72,4% participó en el estudio, se encontró que entre los adolescentes, la edad media fue de 16,63 años (DE ± 1,63), 57.5% mujeres, no se emplearon 78,5%, el 71,1% tenían entre 15-18 años de edad, el 58,2% Parda auto-declarado de color y el 49,5% vive con sus padres, 60.8% no experimentó el tabaco, el 90,4% consume algún tipo de bebida alcohólica y el 77,7% fueron clasificados como activos físicamente. Conclusión: Los resultados muestran la necesidad de una mayor investigación sobre los comportamientos de riesgo entre los estudiantes adolescentes

Objective: This study aims to identify the prevalence of health risk behaviors in schooling age adolescents that live in a small population municipality of Bahia State over 2012. Methods: It is a cohort epidemiological study, censitary, school-based, and having a sampling comprised by 96 adolescent students enrolled in high school. Results: In high school were enrolled 134 adolescents within the age group from 12 to 19 years old, where 72.4% participated in the study. It was found that among adolescent, the average age was about 16.63 years old (SD ± 1.63), where 57.5% were female, 78.5% were not employed, 71.1% were aged between 15 to 18 years old, 58.2% had self-declared brown as their skin color and 49.5% lived with their parents. It was also found that 60.8% experienced no tobacco consumption, 90.4% consumed some type of alcoholic beverage and 77.7% were classified as physically active. Conclusion: The results have shown the need for further research on risk behaviors among school adolescents

Prevalence of tobacco use in selected Johannesburg suburbs

Background. Tobacco smoking is estimated to kill more than 44 000 South Africans every year. Studies have shown that since the introduction of tobacco control measures, national smoking prevalence has declined in South Africa (SA). Objective. To determine the prevalence of tobacco smoking over a 7-year period in five impoverished neighbourhoods in Johannesburg, SA.Methods. Data were collected through the annual administration of a prestructured questionnaire to one adult respondent in preselected dwellings from 2006 to 2012. Information was collected on socioeconomic status, smoking practices and health status.Results. Over the 7-year period of the analysis, smoking levels remained unchanged. The proportion of households with one or more smokers varied significantly across the five study neighbourhoods. Approximately 20% of households in Hillbrow and as many as 77% in Riverlea had a member who smoked.Conclusions. Despite a national downward trend in smoking levels, tobacco use remains high and persistent in certain vulnerable communities, requiring scaled-up action to reduce the risk of a range of tobacco-related diseases

Impacto económico del tabaquismo en los sistemas de salud de América Latina: un estudio en siete países y su extrapolación a nivel regional / Financial impact of smoking on health systems in Latin America: A study of seven countries and extrapolation to the regional level

RESUMEN Objetivo Estimar los costos médicos directos atribuibles al tabaquismo en los sistemas de salud de América Latina. Métodos Se utilizó un modelo de microsimulación para cuantificar el impacto económico en enfermedad cardiovascular y cerebrovascular, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), neumonía, cáncer de pulmón y otras nueve neoplasias. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de datos epidemiológicos y de costos de los eventos. El modelo se calibró y validó para Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, México y Perú, países que representan el 78% de la población de América Latina; luego se extrapolaron los resultados a nivel regional. Resultados Cada año el tabaquismo es responsable de 33 576 millones de dólares en costos directos para el sistema de salud. Esto equivale a 0,7% del producto interno bruto (PIB) de la región y a 8,3% del presupuesto sanitario. La enfermedad cardiovascular, la EPOC y el cáncer fueron responsables de 30,3%, 26,9% y 23,7% de este gasto, respectivamente. El costo atribuible al tabaquismo varió entre 0,4% (México y Perú) y 0,9% (Chile) del PIB y entre 5,2% (Brasil) y 12,7% (Bolivia) del gasto en salud. En la región, la recaudación impositiva por la venta de cigarrillos apenas cubre 37% del gasto sanitario atribuible al tabaquismo (8,1% en Bolivia y 67,3% en Argentina). Conclusiones El tabaquismo es responsable de una importante proporción del gasto sanitario en América Latina, y la recaudación impositiva por la venta de cigarrillos está lejos de llegar a cubrirlo. La profundización de medidas como el aumento de impuestos al tabaco debería ser seriamente considerada por los países de la región.

ABSTRACT Objective Estimate smoking-attributable direct medical costs in Latin American health systems. Methods A microsimulation model was used to quantify financial impact of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, lung cancer, and nine other neoplasms. A systematic search for epidemiological data and event costs was carried out. The model was calibrated and validated for Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, countries that account for 78% of Latin America’s population; the results were then extrapolated to the regional level. Results Every year, smoking is responsible for 33 576 billion dollars in direct costs to health systems. This amounts to 0.7% of the region’s gross domestic product (GDP) and 8.3% of its health budget. Cardiovascular disease, COPD, and cancer were responsible for 30.3%, 26.9%, and 23.7% of these expenditures, respectively. Smoking-attributable costs ranged from 0.4% (Mexico and Peru) to 0.9% (Chile) of GDP and from 5.2% (Brazil) to 12.7% (Bolivia) of health expenditures. In the region, tax revenues from cigarette sales barely cover 37% of smoking-attributable health expenditures (8.1% in Bolivia and 67.3% in Argentina). Conclusions Smoking is responsible for a significant proportion of health spending in Latin America, and tax revenues from cigarette sales are far from covering it. The region’s countries should seriously consider stronger measures, such as an increase in tobacco taxes.